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joi, 15 decembrie 2011

HPV DNA Testing Advised For Females Over 30

Editor's Choice
Academic Journal
Main Category: Cervical Cancer / HPV Vaccine
Also Included In: Women's Health / Gynecology
Article Date: 15 Dec 2011 - 11:00 PST

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HPV DNA testing is better than cytology alone in preventing cervical cancer or detecting it early on for women over thirty, researchers reported in The Lancet Oncology. The authors explained, after reporting on the POBASCAM trial, that they now have compelling evidence in favour of routine HPV testing in national screening programs.

In an Accompanying Comment, Hormuzd Katki and Nicolas Wentzensen wrote:

"POBASCAM reinforces findings from cohort studies, clinical trials, and routine clinical practice by providing overwhelming evidence of the benefits of inclusion of HPV testing in screening programmes"

Experts already knew that HPV testing is better than cytology at identifying precancerous high-grade cervical lesions. However, before this study, nobody could be sure which method of testing was best over a 5-year screening interval.

Chris Meijer and team from the VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, carried out the POBASCAM trial, involving 45,000 females aged between 29 and 56 years. All of them attended routine cervical screening in the Netherlands.

The researchers wanted to find out whether HPV testing was associated with fewer high-grade lesions and cervical cancer during the second round of screening, because the first round had detected and treated the lesions. They also wanted to determine what the best age might be to start HIV testing.

Initially, the participants were selected at random to receive: HPV DNA testing plus cytology, orCytology aloneFive years later, all of them had a second screening which involved both HPV and cytology testing.

The researchers found that: During the first screening - Considerably more cancer precursors were identified through HPV testing compared to cytology aloneDuring the second screening (five years later) - those in the HPV testing group had considerably fewer women had CIN grade 3 or worse lesions and cervical cancer than the ones who had been in the cytology alone groupThe authors explained:

"Implementation of HPV DNA testing in cervical screening leads to earlier detection of clinically relevant CIN grade 2 or worse, which when adequately treated, improves protection against CIN grade 3 or worse and cervical cancer."

Better CIN3+ in the HPV groups was mainly due to better early detection of high-grade lesions caused by HPV16. The authors say their findings indicate that HPV testing will most likely eventually reduce death rates as well as the number of cancer-related illness.

HPV testing does not appear to be linked to over-diagnosing of regressive CIN2+ lesions in younger females either, the authors added. When they combined the data from both screening rounds, the accumulated detection of CIN2+ and CIN3+ were the same among females aged 29-33 and those aged over 33.

The authors wrote:

"Our results . . . lend support to the implementation of HPV DNA testing in programmed cervical screening starting at age 30 years."

The authors of the Accompanying Comment wrote:

"The POBASCAM trial shows that 5 year screening intervals are safe, and that conservative management of HPV-positive women can control excess CIN grade 2 or 3 while preventing cervical cancer. However, how the POBASCAM protocol would perform in other populations that have different baseline cancer rates, compliance, and management infrastructure, is unclear."

Written by Christian Nordqvist
Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today

Visit our cervical cancer / hpv vaccine section for the latest news on this subject. "Human papillomavirus testing for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer: final results of the POBASCAM randomised controlled trial"
Dorien C Rijkaart MD a, Johannes Berkhof PhD b, Lawrence Rozendaal MD a, Folkert J van Kemenade MD a, Nicole WJ Bulkmans MD a, Daniëlle AM Heideman PhD a, Prof Gemma G Kenter MD c, Prof Jack Cuzick PhD d, Prof Peter JF Snijders PhD a, Prof Chris JLM Meijer MD
The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 15 December 2011 doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(11)70296-0 Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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15 Dec. 2011. APA

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luni, 12 decembrie 2011

PSA Testing, Combined With Other Relevant Patient Data Can Reduce Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies

Editor's Choice
Main Category: Prostate / Prostate Cancer
Also Included In: Preventive Medicine
Article Date: 12 Dec 2011 - 7:00 PST

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A study published online by the journal Cancer reveals that up to one-quarter of men could avoid biopsies and their associated risks with prostate cancer screening that combines an adjusted blood test with other factors including, the patient's family history, overall weight as well as the size of the gland.

According to the team led by Martin G. Sanda, MD, Director of the Prostate Center at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Professor of Urology at Harvard Medical School, other factors such as prostate size should be taken into consideration when determining which patient should have a biopsy, instead of using "one-size-fits-all" levels of PSA.

Other factors, such as prostate size, can significantly improve the ability of PSA testing to detect aggressive prostate cancers for which treatment is appropriate, while avoiding identification of indolent cancers that do not require treatment.

A second investigation published online in the journal Urologic Oncology, also led by Sanda, reveals that another way to determine if a biopsy is needed is testing for the presence of absence of genes commonly found in the urine of men in conjunction with a PSA test.

The novel suggested methods follow the United States Preventative Services Task Force expert panel conclusion that the present PSA-based prostate cancer screening causes harm through treatment or additional invasive testing, such as biopsies, and saves few or no lives.

Sanda explains:

"That's because prostate cancers can vary in aggressiveness and more men die of other causes aside from that cancer, and because the PSA test alone can not determine how dangerous any particular cancer may be. The US Preventative Services Task Force threw the baby out with the bathwater by their blanket recommendation against prostate cancer screening."

Sanda notes that, instead, PSA screening can be improved to identify only aggressive cancer for which treatment is indicated by adjusting PSA results for other considerations, such as size of prostate, obesity, and family history.

According to results from the multi-center study PSAD levels of less than 0.1 - in comparison to the unadjusted level of between 2.5 and 4 - can be a significant indicator of a potential cancer. Physicians determine the density by a using a digital rectal exam, allowing them to consider other factors like benign prostatic hyperplasia, an enlargement of the gland that affects all men as they age.

The researchers discovered that combining PSAD with the digital exam, an examination of the patient's family history and a body mass index of 25 or less, would avoid biopsy in around one-quarter of biopsy-eligible men.

The researchers state:

"Urological practice, patient outcome and cost-effectiveness of health care would each benefit from new targeted strategies, such as nomograms (a predictive tool) that improve prediction of aggressive cancers, to enable selective identification of candidate for prostate biopsy that would improve the yield of clinically significant, histologically aggressive cancers warranting subsequent definitive treatment."

In an additional multi-center investigation published in Urologic Oncology, investigators explain that a test taken after a digital rectal exam that looks for two specific genetic biomarkers (TMPRSS2:ERG and PCA3), could prevent biopsies in men whose PSA reading ranges between 2-10 and who poses both genes. This could potentially stop one-third of men undergoing unnecessary biopsies.

Sanda, explains:

"Urine testing for prostate cancer is
in its infancy".

Further research is currently underway thanks to a $3.1 million grant from the National Institutes of Health. The study is assessing novel blood and urine test for prostate cancer in over 2,400 men over the next 5 years with the aim of resolving over-diagnosis and over-treatment.

One of the main focuses of proposed study involves a community outreach effort led by BIDMC primary care physician J. Jacques Carter, MD, MPH, Medical Director of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute Prostate Cancer Screening and Education Program and an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School. A vital component of this investigation will be African-American men, who seem to develop prostate cancer more prevalently, and who have a higher risk of dying from prostate cancer.

Written by: Petra Rattue

Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today

Visit our prostate / prostate cancer section for the latest news on this subject. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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Petra Rattue. "PSA Testing, Combined With Other Relevant Patient Data Can Reduce Unnecessary Prostate Biopsies." Medical News Today. MediLexicon, Intl., 12 Dec. 2011. Web.
12 Dec. 2011. APA

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vineri, 9 decembrie 2011

Concussion Testing Makes Everyone Tired

Main Category: Sports Medicine / Fitness
Also Included In: Neurology / Neuroscience
Article Date: 09 Dec 2011 - 0:00 PST

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Testing athletes for concussions may induce mental fatigue in subjects whether or not they have a head injury, according to Penn State researchers.

"Testing for a long period of time can induce fatigue," said Semyon Slobonouv, professor of kinesiology. "But at the same time, fatigue is a symptom of concussion. ... How do you rule out fatigue if you get fatigued while taking the test?"

A standard way to test patients for concussion is to use an hour-and-a-half to two-hour set of neuropsychological tests -- enough to make anyone tired.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that nearly 4 million concussions occur in the United States every year. Concussed athletes who return to the field too quickly are three to six times more likely to get injured again in the same season, according to the American Association of Neurological Surgeons.

Several medical problems can occur when someone with a traumatic brain injury is not allowed enough time to heal. Boxer's encephalopathy, identified in the early 20th century, today is recognized as affecting any person who repeatedly suffers blows to the head.

Second-impact syndrome is a deadly second blow after a person has received one concussion and not fully healed. The second impact -- minutes, days or weeks after the first injury -- can cause nearly instant death.

The researchers created a baseline measurement of how tiring the neuropsychological tests made healthy, athletically active subjects. They report their study in the current issue of Clinical Neurophysiology.

Slobounov's goal is to test all athletes at the beginning of their season -- specifically in high-contact sports like ice hockey, rugby and football. In this way, if athletes are suspected of suffering a head injury, there is a personal baseline for comparison.

"Fatigue can be characterized by a sensation of weariness, reduction in motivation, attenuation in efficiency, or impairments in vigilance and task performance; it is a multidimensional construct with subjective, behavioral and physiological components," the researchers note in their article. "A comprehensive characterization of fatigue thus requires the assessment of all three domains."

A group of tests was administered to each athlete in the study. First the researchers determined a fatigue rating, which includes measures of both mental and physical fatigue. Then they administered a Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test, which is composed of the names of five colors printed in any of those five colors. The researchers gave the Stroop test in two rounds, involving 112 words each. In the first round, athletes read the words out loud. In the second round, they said the color of the word. An electroencephalograph recorded brain waves during the test. At the end of the Stroop test a fatigue rating was measured again.

Article adapted by Medical News Today from original press release. Click 'references' tab above for source.
Visit our sports medicine / fitness section for the latest news on this subject. Working with Slobounov were Fiona Barwick, graduate student, psychology, and Peter Arnett, associate professor of psychology.
Penn State Please use one of the following formats to cite this article in your essay, paper or report:

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9 Dec. 2011. APA

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